국제투기자본과 FED
https://www.quora.com/Do-the-Rockefellers-own-the-Federal-Reserve
Chart 1 reveals the linear connection between the Rothschilds and the Bank of England, and the London banking houses which ultimately control the Federal Reserve Banks through their stockholdings of bank stock and their subsidiary firms in New York. The two principal Rothschild representatives in New York, J. P. Morgan Co., and Kuhn, Loeb & Co. were the firms which set up the Jekyll Island Conference at which the Federal Reserve Act was drafted, who directed the subsequent successful campaign to have the plan enacted into law by Congress, and who purchased the controlling amounts of stock in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in 1914. These firms had their principal officers appointed to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors and the Federal Advisory Council in 1914. In 1914 a few families (blood or business related) owning controlling stock in existing banks (such as in New York City) caused those banks to purchase controlling shares in the Federal Reserve regional banks. Examination of the charts and text in the House Banking Committee Staff Report of August, 1976 and the current stockholders list of the 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks show this same family control.
People who confuse facts with anti-semitism are idiots. There is nothing anti-semitic about investigating how the Rothschilds are part of the US Federal Reserve.
** Source: Federal Reserve Directors: A Study of Corporate and Banking Influence. Staff Report,Committee on Banking,Currency and Housing, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, August 1976.
Using the term profit broadly, everyone that works there profits from the FR. In fact, its senior tier levels employees are paid more than the highest GS-scale salaries (as for say, cabinet secretaries and members of Congress).
As to actual profit, the net operating profits (after expenses) of the Fed, from open market operations or interest earned through bond instruments it holds (Treasury instruments and perhaps corporate bonds) are returned annually to the US Treasury. But with one other deduction, which is an actual profit to the Federal Reserve that its owners keep— a guaranteed 6% rate of return (iirc) on the paid in equity of the Federal Reserve System.
I have never seen this described in detail or quantified, but I presume this was the original price of the stocks sold for the regional Fed banks. This would flow as profits to the banks who bought those shares (or their successors, if any of those banks were allowed to and did sell the shares, or were merged into and disappeared into other banks).
However, because those shares were bought so long ago, their nominal prices at the time would be extremely low relative to big money in these days, and so that annual return is likely a very low sum, relatively speaking.
Federal Reserve is a Quasi-Governmental Hybrid Organization or Quasi-Public Corporation which is a type of corporation in the private sector that operates under the authority of the Federal government with a mandate to provide a service in the public interest, so the question of who owns the FED is not easy to answer. Such organizations have the legal characteristics of both a government agency and a private corporation and can include some aspects of private ownership as well as government control and responsibility to the public.
The member banks of the Federal Reserve System are required to purchase shares in one of twelve regional Federal Reserve banks but may not sell these shares. Their ownership comes with no decision-making authority or voting rights. They may not sell their shares. The member banks receive annual dividend payments equal to 6% of the Federal Reserve’s profits, while 94% of that income is paid to the U.S. Treasury.
There are many more of these sorts of government agencies that are not under the direct control of the Executive Branch, allowing them to operate with a minimum of political interference.
In 1910, Nelson Aldrich, the head of the bipartisan National Monetary Commission and the Senate Republican leader, visited Europe to study its central banking systems. Though initially opposed to centralized banking, he was impressed by Germany's monetary system (which was heavily influenced by the Rothschild family) and returned to the US believing that a federal bank would be an improvement to the US's turbulent government-issued bond system. Aldrich then met with several prominent New York bankers, working with them to create a central banking bill latter dubbed the "Aldrich Plan."
To no one's surprise, the Aldrich Plan faced stiff resistance. In an effort to discredit the ambitious politician, his detractors made much fuss over Aldrich's close ties to J.P. Morgan (the banking tycoon) and John D. Rockefeller Jr. (the heir to Standard Oil and Nelson Aldrich's son-in-law).
At this point in time, John Rockefeller Sr. was by far the wealthiest and possibly most hated person in America (though the hatred was somewhat unfair). His notorious, covert deals with the railroad industry in the US and the Rothschilds in Europe led many to believe that Rockefeller, Standard Oil (nicknamed "The Octopus" because it had a hand in everything), and a few other industrialists essentially controlled America.
Needing little coxing, the mudracking press and spiteful public spun Aldrich's and Rockefeller's ties into a grand conspiracy. This public campaign was successful. In 1912, when the Democrats took control of the White House and Congress, the Aldrich plan essentially died. Yet, the conspiracy theories lived on. When, in 1913, Woodrow Wilson passed a modified Aldrich Plan known as the Federal Reserve Act, many Americans still suspected that the Rockefellers, a collection of eastern bankers, and the Rothschilds were heavily involved. Who knows - maybe they were.
No, the Federal Reserve was created by the Federal Reserve Act, 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson.
While the Rothschild family was influential in global banking during this period, their direct involvement in the creation of the US Federal Reserve is not supported by credible historical records.
Anything floating out there stating such is just over a century’s pile of various conspiracy theories, often antisemitic ones.
The key figures involved in the creation of the Federal Reserve include:
Senator Nelson W. Aldrich: A Republican senator from Rhode Island who played a significant role in developing the plan that eventually led to the Federal Reserve Act.
However, Aldrich’s daughter married John D. Rockefeller Jr. and is therefore part of that particular non-Jewish political/financial dynasty.
Of his five grandsons from that union, John III ran the global philanthropy. Nelson became became governor of New York and then U.S. VP. Laurence was Venture Capitalist who, among other companies, helped create Eastern Airlines and Intel. Winthrop became governor of Arkansas (he son eventually became Lt. Gov). David ran Chase Manhattan Bank (now just Chase).
Paul Warburg: A banker from Kuhn, Loeb & Co., who is often credited with being one of the main architects of the Federal Reserve System.
Carter Glass: A Democratic congressman from Virginia who co-sponsored the Glass-Owen Bill, which formed the basis of the Federal Reserve Act.
President Woodrow Wilson: Signed the Federal Reserve Act into law.
Of these men, Paul Warburg is the only person of Jewish descent. Because he was born in Germany to a prominent Jewish banking family, this is often seized upon by antisemitic conspiracy theorists to point to a Rothschild connection.
For some reason, the American public seems to more susceptible to most to conspiracy theories, likely as a result of so many immigrating from countries where they faced persecution instilled a level of paranoia into the culture.
That doesn’t mean they don’t exist, but rather because the public is so gullible, we’ve seen a massive proliferation of them throughout our history by opportunistic people seeking to vilify their opponents and to seek power as “men on a white horse” who will save the public from these conspiracies.
Ironically, these “men on white horses” the real conspirators nearly 100% of the time.
It is a bit dishonest to simply say that the Federal Reserve is privately owned. It is considered publicly owned, similar to the Red Cross or the Tennessee Valley Authority.
The Federal Reserve System is considered a part of government, even by the Supreme Court, because:
- the top tier, the Federal Reserve Board, is a federal regulatory agency consisting of 5,000 employees, all employees of the Federal government. [The other 15,000 employees work at the distrct banks]. And, like 58 other federal agencies … the Postal Service, Social Security Administration, CIA, and Federal Trade Commission, all separate legal corporations, most which report to the President, or Cabinet member, and/or public oversight board … the Fed's Board of Governors reports to the pinnacle of government, the US Congress, via the two bank oversight committees, in order to prevent a President from manipulating interest rates for personal political advantage.
- The bottom tier, the 12 Federal Reserve Banks, are chartered as not for profit corporations, that is, they cannot pay dividends, and stock cannot be bought and sold, the stock is closer to that of a County Farm Coop, used for voting and for assessing the return on capital of the banks that paid for its seed capital so that the Federal government did not have to.
- The Federal Reserve Banks have to execute the policy of the Federal Reserve Board, therefore, it is hard to say that their interests are private.
- By law, the Federal Reserve has to remit each year to the Treasury, the excess of revenues over budgeted expenses (including the interest that the Treasury paid it on Treasury bonds, and any profit on Bond trading).
- The Fed is not only audited by a Big Four accounting firm (300 people at that firm), it is audited at least six to twelve times per year for compliance audits performed by OIG, OMB, GAO, printed in the Federal Register and reported to Congress, with quarterly follow up on all outstanding recommendations.
- The Fed has only a few basic missions, established by Congress: encourage financial system health by monitoring and regulating banks, guide the appropriate growth rate needed in the money supply so as to achieve the goals of the triple mandate: promote stability of the long term bond market, strive for maximal job growth, and do so with minimal inflation.
- The courts have granted it the sovereign immunity of the US Federal Government, because, constructively, it is no different than any other creature of Congress.
It certainly does not sound like any privately owned company I have ever heard of!
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