스위스처럼 완충지대라는 지정학적 특성을 활용해 국제투기자본은 캐나다 대학들을 통해 중국에 서방세계의 과학기술을 넘겨주고 있다; 중국 공산당 고위 멤버들의 단골 코스인 미국 하버드 케네디대 스쿨, 김일성대 교수들에게 자본주의 시장학 가르쳐온 캐나다 UBC, 그리고 서방의 과학기술 중국에 넘겨준 탑3 캐나다 대학은 워털루 대학교, 앨버타 대학교, 그리고 맥길대학교
영어권 위키피디아에는 안 나오는데,
프랑스어 위키피디아에 나온다는 것이 흥미로운 부분.
위키피디아의 나라별 정보를 보면 가끔씩 정보들 내용이 판이하게 다를 때가 있어서,
어느 나라에 필터링이 작용되는 내용인지를 파악할 수 있다.
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_McGill
Controversies
For several years, the United States Department of Justice has believed that China is conducting a campaign to acquire foreign technology secrets by all possible means, including by illegal means such as espionage17,18. Several Canadian universities have links with Chinese military scientists, which "generates knowledge that can help the development of the Chinese military sector through the acquisition of advanced technology", traduction librepotentially to the detriment of national security.
From 2005 to 2022, McGill University was the 3rd eCanadian university with the most joint scientific publications with the China National University of Defence Technology19. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), China uses students, professors, and researchers to steal intellectual property20. These collaborations between China and Canadian universities are encouraged by the passivity of the Government of Canada, which, according to a spokesperson for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), "has no unit that investigates the activities of a foreign government in particular in Canada" (free translation).17,20
Robert Fife, " Canadian universities conducting joint research with Chinese military scientists The Globe and Mail,
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-chinese-military-scientists-canadian-universities/
Canadian universities have for years collaborated with a top Chinese army scientific institution on hundreds of advanced-technology research projects, generating knowledge that can help drive China’s defence sector in cutting-edge, high-tech industries.
Researchers at 50 Canadian universities, including the University of Waterloo, University of Toronto, University of British Columbia and McGill University, have conducted and published joint scientific papers from 2005 to 2022 with scientists connected to China’s military, according to research provided to The Globe and Mail by U.S. strategic intelligence company Strider Technologies Inc.
Strider found that in the past five years, academics at 10 of Canada’s leading universities published more than 240 joint papers on topics included quantum cryptography, photonics and space science with Chinese military scientists at the National University of Defence Technology (NUDT). Some of these NUDT researchers are experts in missile performance and guidance systems, mobile robotics and automated surveillance.
The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) has warned that Beijing is increasingly using joint academic research programs to obtain innovative science and technology for economic and military advantage.
NUDT was blacklisted by the United States in 2015 – subject to export restrictions – under former U.S. president Barack Obama’s administration because Washington believes it “is involved, or poses a significant risk of being or becoming involved in activities that are contrary to the national-security or foreign-policy interests of the United States.”
NUDT reports to the Chinese Communist Party’s Central Military Commission and has been lauded by President Xi Jinping as a “highland for training high-quality new military personnel and for independent innovation in national defence technology.”
| Uni | Publications from 2005 to 2022 | Publications since 2017 |
| University of Waterloo | 113 | 46 |
| University of Alberta | 99 | 57 |
| McGill University | 73 | 25 |
| University of Toronto | 71 | 15 |
| University of B.C. | 57 | 20 |
| Simon Fraser University | 50 | 18 |
| University of Victoria | 44 | 23 |
| McMaster University | 31 | 14 |
| Concordia University | 29 | 19 |
| University of Calgary | 25 | 7 |
Top 10 universities in Canada collaborating with China's National University of Defence Technology, by publication count
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Along with public Canadian universities, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), a federal funding agency, has been contributing to projects conducted with Chinese military scientists.
In 2021, however, Ottawa introduced tougher guidelines for NSERC. Researchers applying for NSERC grants would have to complete a security risk assessment. Any project assessed to be “higher risk” would undergo a national-security review by Canadian security agencies and a team of scientists. If judged to be too high risk, the research will not receive federal funding.
But that hasn’t deterred Canadian universities from collaborating with China. Despite the new security rules, none of the Top 10 universities involved in projects with NUDT, the People’s Liberation Army’s main scientific institution, would commit to barring their academics from doing further research with the university.
Margaret McCuaig-Johnston, former executive vice-president of NSERC and current senior fellow at the Institute for Science, Society and Policy at the University of Ottawa, says Canada should not be partnering with China on research.Spencer Colby/The Globe and Mail
Margaret McCuaig-Johnston, former executive vice-president of NSERC and now senior fellow at the Institute for Science, Society and Policy at the University of Ottawa, noted that the new security guidelines only cover federal grants and not individual academic research with China’s military. China offers a lot of money to Canadian researchers and universities to work with them, she said.
“The People’s Liberation Army is not our friend and we should not be partnering with them,” she said. “Any collaboration with the National University of Defence Technology is clearly going to a military purpose and Canadian researchers should be using their own personal ethical lens to decide not to move forward with that research.”
Participating universities contacted by The Globe cited a reason that they’ve used for years to justify research with China and state enterprises including 5G technology from Huawei Technologies: Any order to stop working with China and Chinese companies, they say, should come from the federal government.
“On matters of national security, universities look to Canadian authorities for actionable direction, and there is no direction from such authorities to preclude the co-authoring of the research papers you describe,” said Joseph Wong, vice-president, international at the University of Toronto.
But Ottawa has not told them to stop collaborating with Chinese military scientists. Until government does, nothing will change, security experts say.
Alex Wellstead, communications director for Innovation, Science and Industry Minister François-Philippe Champagne, would not say if Ottawa would ban research collaboration with NUDT. But he noted federal efforts to integrate national-security considerations into federally funded partnerships.
“This includes working directly with academic institutions to better safeguard Canadian research, new national security guidelines for research partnerships, funding to support postsecondary institutions so they can better identify, assess and mitigate potential risks to research security, and working to establish a research security centre to provide advice and guidance directly to these institutions,” he said.
Dennis Molinaro, a national-security analyst and professor at Ontario Tech University, said “there is a lot of passing the buck” taking place on the subject of university research with China.
The universities say they need clarity from government on risks posed by their joint research. But CSIS, for instance, which gathers intelligence on foreign threats, is prevented from sharing specific details with Canadians – even with law enforcement unless it’s specifically for prosecution and regarding a criminal offence.
“Each are relying on the other to do the right thing, meaning the university wants to know what specific threat exists so it doesn’t curb academic freedom, and the intelligence sector wants the university to act on the basis of, in essence, ethics, that partnering with this kind of institution in the PRC is unethical,” Mr. Molinaro said.
He said the federal and provincial governments need clearer guidelines for academic partnerships and legislative reform to the CSIS Act that enables the spy service to talk more openly about threats that exist.
CSIS declined to say whether Canadian universities should halt their collaboration with NUDT when asked by The Globe. But the spy agency left no doubt that it opposes such activities.
“To
further its national interests, the PRC’s military-civil fusion policy
blurs the lines between the civilian and military research industries.
This means that any Canadian research targeted by the PRC may contribute
to China’s military modernization,” CSIS spokesperson Brandon Champagne
said. “The National University of Defence Technology’s name alone
suggests there exists a Chinese military component to its activities.”
Chinese researchers test the supercomputer Tianhe No.1 at the National University of Defense Technology in Changsha city, central Chinas Hunan province, on Oct. 27, 2009.He shuyuan/Reuters
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